Systematic qualitative organic analysis enables identification of an unknown compound through a logical sequence of chemical spot tests, each exploiting a specific chemical reactivity unique to one or more functional groups. This experiment covers five functional groups: carboxylic acid (–COOH), aliphatic alcohol (R–OH), phenol (Ar–OH), aldehyde (R–CHO), and ketone (R–CO–R'). For each group, the chapter provides the chemical basis of the test, the procedure, the expected positive observation, the underlying reaction mechanism, and the controls needed to distinguish between groups that give similar primary responses. Key tests include: litmus and NaHCO3 effervescence for carboxylic acids; ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) for alcohols; ferric chloride for phenols; Schiff's reagent and Fehling's test for aldehydes; sodium nitroprusside for ketones; and the iodoform test for methyl ketones and methyl alcohols. The hierarchical decision tree and the requirement for a minimum of two independent confirmatory tests before an identification is declared are both emphasised.