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Appendix C: Formulae and Equations Summary

Abstract

This appendix consolidates all key formulae used in calculations throughout the manual, organised by experiment and topic into 14 sections. Coverage includes: concentration expressions (molarity, normality, strength, ppm); the law of chemical equivalence (N1V1 = N2V2) and its rearrangements; experiment-specific formulae for NaOH standardisation and HCl strength; chloride content by Mohr's method; water hardness (total, permanent, temporary, and conversion to French, Clark, and German degrees); alkalinity constituents (OH-, CO32-, HCO3-); ferrous iron by potassium dichromate; available chlorine in bleaching powder; pH and the Nernst equation for glass electrode calibration; density by pycnometry and relative density; relative and absolute viscosity by Ostwald viscometer; kinematic viscosity by Redwood viscometer; flash point pressure correction; and acid value, saponification value, and ester value of oils and fats. Each formula is presented with its symbol definitions and the experiment reference.
Keywords: Formulae Summary
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