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Appendix J: Data Analysis and Error Treatment

Abstract

This appendix provides a self-contained reference for the statistical and numerical methods needed throughout the manual, supplementing the fuller treatment in the theory chapter on Quantitative Volumetric Analysis and Data Integrity. It covers: the distinction between accuracy (closeness to the true value) and precision (reproducibility); rules for significant figures in recorded measurements and calculated results; the correct expression of a result with its absolute uncertainty; the protocol for calculating the mean and standard deviation of concordant titres; Dixon's Q-test table with worked procedure for statistical outlier rejection; error propagation rules for sums and differences (add absolute uncertainties) and products and quotients (add percentage uncertainties); the calculation of percentage error relative to a reference value; and guidance on writing the results section of a laboratory report. A worked end-to-end example integrates all concepts from raw titration data through concordance checking, Q-test, mean concordant titre, apparatus error calculation, final result, and percentage error.
Keywords: Data Analysis
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